Some minerals encountered in cement manufacture

This gives the mass composition of a variety of minerals that can be used for modeling cement clinker and its raw materials, based on the standard oxide molecular masses. Densities (kg/m³) are generally x-ray values, and real-world values may deviate from these in unpredictable ways. The hardness values are the un-corrected Moh's Scale. The table can be easily pasted into Excel® if desired. Examples of use of the table values are given below.

Some minerals encountered in cement manufacture

Name		Formula		M Mass	Density	Moh's	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	CaO	MgO	SO₃	LoI (Note 1)	Na₂O	K₂O	SrO	BaO	ZnO	TiO₂	P₂O₅	Mn₂O₃	F (Note 2)	Cl (Note 2)
chemical	mineral	chemical	CCN	M Mass	Density	Moh's	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	CaO	MgO	SO₃	LoI (Note 1)	Na₂O	K₂O	SrO	BaO	ZnO	TiO₂	P₂O₅	Mn₂O₃	F (Note 2)	Cl (Note 2)
Calcium silicates, aluminates and ferrites
tricalcium silicate	alite	Ca₃SiO₅	C₃S	228.31650	3120	4.5	26.31623			73.68377
calcium orthosilicate	belite, larnite	Ca₂SiO₄	C₂S	172.23910	3326	6	34.88424			65.11576
tricalcium disilicate	rankinite	Ca₃Si₂O₇	C₃S₂	288.40080	3064	6	41.66722			58.33278
monocalcium silicate	wollastonite	CaSiO₃	CS	116.16170	2909	4.5	51.72471			48.27529
tricalcium aluminate		Ca₃(AlO₃)₂	C₃A	270.19348	3064	6		37.73639		62.26361
-	mayenite	Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₃	C₁₂A₇	1386.65774	2680	5		51.47117		48.52883
monocalcium aluminate		CaAl₂O₄	CA	158.03868	2945	6.5		64.51666		35.48334
calcium dialuminate	grossite	CaAl₄O₇	CA₂	259.99995	2920	7		78.43177		21.56823
calcium hexaaluminate	hibonite	CaAl₁₂O₁₉	CA₆	667.84506	3500	8		91.60323		8.39677
tetracalcium aluminoferrite	brownmillerite	2[Ca₂AlFeO₅]	C₄AF	485.95908	3732	5.5		20.98145	32.86042	46.15813
-	(Note 3)	Ca₆Al₄Fe₂O₁₅	C₆A₂F	700.07515	3651	5.5		29.12867	22.81015	48.06118
dicalcium ferrite	(Note 4)	Ca₂Fe₂O₅	C₂F	271.84300	4026	5.5			58.74280	41.25720
Carbonates
calcium carbonate	calcite	CaCO₃	CĈ	100.08720	2710	3				56.02854			43.97146
	calcite as in chalk	XCO₃			2714	3			0.0666	55.6271	0.2296		43.9541			0.0551					0.0675
magnesium carbonate	magnesite	MgCO₃	MĈ	84.31470	3010	4					47.80293		52.19707
calcium magnesium carbonate	dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂	CMĈ₂	184.40190	2866	4				30.41042	21.85710		47.73248
iron (II) carbonate	siderite	FeCO₃		115.85420	3944	4			68.91774				31.08226
manganese (II) carbonate	rhodocrosite	MnCO₃		114.94724	3699	4							31.32750								68.67250
strontium carbonate	strontianite	SrCO₃		147.62920	3785	3.5							29.81104			70.18896
barium carbonate	witherite	BaCO₃		197.33620	4308	3.5							22.30194				77.69806
calcium silicocarbonate	spurrite	Ca₃(SiO₂)₂CO₃	C₅S₂Ĉ	444.56540	3024	5	27.03058			63.06991			9.89951
Sulfates
calcium sulfate	β-anhydrite	CaSO₄	CŜ	136.14310	2952	3.5				41.19004		58.80996
calcium sulfate	γ-anhydrite(Note 5)	CaSO₄	CŜ	136.14310	2558	2.5				41.19004		58.80996
calcium sulfate hemihydrate	bassanite	CaSO₄.0.5H₂O	CŜH_0.5	145.15078	2733	2.5				38.63390		55.16037	6.20574
calcium sulfate dihydrate	gypsum	CaSO₄.2H₂O	CŜH₂	172.17380	2310	2				32.57023		46.50284	20.92694
sodium sulfate	thenardite	Na₂SO₄	NŜ	142.04464	2663	3						56.36658		43.63342
potassium sulfate	arcanite	K₂SO₄	KŜ	174.26170	2661	3						45.94567			54.05433
potassium sodium sulfate	aphthitalite	2[K₃Na(SO₄)₂]	K₃NŜ₄	664.82974	2703	3						48.17215		9.32253	42.50532
calcium potassium sulfate	calcium langbeinite	K₂Ca₂(SO₄)₃	KC₂Ŝ₃	446.54790	2683	3.5				25.11596		53.78977			21.09427
calcium silicosulfate	ternesite	Ca₃(SiO₂)₂(SO₄)	C₅S₂Ŝ	480.62130	2973	5.5	25.00276			58.33845		16.65879
calcium sulfoaluminate	ye'elimite	Ca₄(AlO₂)₆SO₄	C₄A₃Ŝ	610.25913	2607	3.5		50.12360		36.75645		13.11995
-	fluoroellestadite	Ca₁₀(SiO₄)₃(SO₄)₃F₂	C₉S₃Ŝ₃.CaF₂	1003.22141	3110	4.5	17.96741			55.89733		23.94258										3.78748
-	hydroxyellestadite	Ca₁₀(SiO₄)₃(SO₄)₃(OH)₂	C₁₀S₃Ŝ₃H	999.23935	3066	4.5	18.03901			56.12009		24.03799	1.80291
iron(II) sulfate		FeSO₄		151.91010	3650	3.0			52.56010			52.70598	-5.26608
strontium sulfate	celestite	SrSO₄		183.68510	3972	3.5						43.58857				56.41143
barium sulfate	barite	BaSO₄		233.39210	4480	3.5						34.30523					65.69477
Halides
calcium fluoride	fluorite	CaF₂		78.07481	3179	4				71.82522												48.66718
sodium chloride	halite	NaCl		58.44127	2163	2								53.02669									60.66176
potassium chloride	sylvite	KCl		74.54980	1987	2									63.17656								47.55412
calcium chloride		CaCl₂		110.98100	2154	2.5				50.52883													63.88751
sodium hexafluoroaluminate	cryolite	Na₃AlF₆		209.94127	2965	3		24.28329						44.28306								54.29634
Aluminosilicates
-	kaolinite	Si₂Al₂O₅(OH)₄	S₂AH₂	258.16058	2594	2	46.54801	39.49529					13.95670
-	pyrophyllite	2[Si₂AlO₅OH]	S₄AH	360.31383	2863	1.5	66.70219	28.29791					4.99991
-	orthoclase	2[KAlSi₃O₈]	KAS₆	556.66308	2570	6.5	64.76194	18.31652							16.92155
-	albite	2[NaAlSi₃O₈]	NAS₆	524.44602	2620	6.5	68.74031	19.44171						11.81798
-	anorthite	CaAl₂Si₂O₈	CAS₂	278.20728	2760	6.5	43.19391	36.64939		20.15670
-	gehlenite	Ca₂Al₂SiO₇	C₂AS	274.20038	3039	5.5	21.91255	37.18495		40.90250
-	mullite	Al₆Si₂O₁₃	A₃S₂	426.05243	3166	7	28.20512	71.79488
-	muscovite	2[KAl₃Si₃O₁₀(OH)₂]	KA₃S₆H₂	796.61633	2831	3	45.25463	38.39789					4.52297		11.82451
-	paragonite	2[NaAl₃Si₃O₁₀(OH)₂]	NA₃S₆H₂	764.39927	2893	3	47.16198	40.01624					4.71360	8.10819
-	phlogopite	2[KMg₃AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂]	KM₆AS₆H₂	834.52318	2784	2.5	43.19902	12.21791			28.97815		4.31752		11.28740
-	glauconite	2[KFe₂AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂]	KF₂AS₆H₂	912.07018	3177	2	39.52610	11.17911	35.01665				3.95043		10.32771
-	chamosite	Fe₅Al₂Si₃O₁₀(OH)₈		713.49758	3319	2	25.26328	14.29035	55.95261				4.49376
-	clinochlore	Mg₅Al₂Si₃O₁₀(OH)₈	M₅AS₃H₄	555.80008	2585	2	32.43125	18.34496			36.25845		12.96535
-	montmorillonite	Na₂CaAl₁₄Mg₄Si₃₆O₉₀(OH)₁₈	NCA₇M₄S₃₆H₉	3318.17783	2794	1.5	65.18743	21.50967		1.69001	4.85868		4.88636	1.86786
Other silicates
magnesium orthosilicate	forsterite	Mg₂SiO₄	M₂S	140.69410	3214	7	42.70563				57.29437
iron (II) orthosilicate	fayalite	Fe₂SiO₄		203.77310	4393	7	29.48588		78.36569				-7.85158
magnesium metasilicate	enstatite	MgSiO₃	MS	100.38920	3194	6	59.85136				40.14864
iron (II) metasilicate	ferrosilite	FeSiO₃		131.92870	3998	6	45.54301		60.52064				-6.06365
Phosphates
calcium orthophosphate	whitlockite	Ca₃(PO₄)₂	C₃P	310.17672	3140	5				54.23753										45.76247
calcium fluorophosphate	fluoroapatite	2[Ca₅(PO₄)₃F]	C₉P₃.CaF₂	1008.60498	3201	5				55.59897										42.22005		3.76726
calcium hydroxyphosphate	hydroxyapatite	2[Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH)]	C₁₀P₃H	1004.62292	3155	5				55.81935			1.79324							42.38740
calcium sodium orthophosphate	rhenanite	2[CaNaPO₄]	C₂NP	316.07826	2902	4				35.48324				19.60873						44.90803
Oxides, hydroxides and hydrates
aluminium hydrogen oxide	diaspore	2[AlHO₂]	AH	119.97663	3378	7.5		84.98428					15.01572
aluminium oxide hydroxide	boehmite	2[AlO(OH)]	AH	119.97663	3071	3.5		84.98428					15.01572
aluminium trihydroxide	gibbsite	2[Al(OH)₃]	AH₃	156.00733	2441	3		65.35672					34.64328
α-iron (III) hydrogen oxide	goethite	2[FeHO₂]	FH	177.70355	4269	5.5			89.86213				10.13787
γ-iron (III) oxide hydroxide	lepidocrocite	2[FeO(OH)]	FH	177.70355	3973	5			89.86213				10.13787
iron (II,III) oxide	magnetite	Fe₃O₄		231.53260	5200	6.5			103.45511				-3.45511
manganese (II,III) oxide	hausmannite	Mn₃O₄		228.81173	4873	5.5							-3.49619								103.49619
calcium hydroxide	portlandite	Ca(OH)₂	CH	74.09275	2242	2.5				75.68541			24.31459
calcium silicate hydrate	(Note 6)	Ca₃Si₂O₄(OH)₆	C₃S₂H₃	342.44685	2270	3.5	35.09117			49.12651			15.78232
tricalcium aluminate hydrate		Ca₃(AlO₂)₂(OH)₄.4H₂O	C₃AH₆	378.28558	2527			26.95352		44.47227			28.57421
(Note 7)	afm-phase	Ca₄(AlO₂)₂(SO₄)(OH)₄.10H₂O	C₄AŜH₁₂	622.52078	2010			16.37877		36.03247		12.86153	34.72723
(Note 8)	ettringite	Ca₆(AlO₂)₂(SO₄)₃(OH)₄.30H₂O	C₆AŜ₃H₃₂	1255.11398	1775	2.5		8.12367		26.80748		19.13747	45.93138
-	syngenite	K₂Ca(SO₄)₂.H₂O	KCŜ₂H	328.42015	2607	2.5				17.07490		48.75809	5.48546		28.68155
magnesium hydroxide	brucite	Mg(OH)₂	MH	58.32025	2368	2.5					69.10961		30.89039
calcium titanium oxide	perovskite	CaTiO₃	CT	135.94320	4044	5.5				41.25061									58.74939
iron (II) titanium oxide	ilmenite	FeTiO₃		151.71020	4788	6			52.62936				-5.27301						52.64366
Sulfides
calcium sulfide	oldhamite	CaS		72.14550	2602	2				77.72820		110.97809	-88.70629
iron (II) disulfide	pyrite	FeS₂		119.98000	5012	6.5			66.54784			133.46508	-100.01292
zinc sulfide	wurzite	ZnS		97.44750	4086	4						82.16291	-65.67393					83.51102

Note 1. The "loss on ignition" assumes complete decarbonation and dehydration, and oxidation to the standard oxidation state.

Note 2. Fluorine and chlorine displace oxygen from the oxides, so in totalising cement analyses containing F or Cl, their oxygen equivalent must be deducted - i.e. Total = [sum of analytes] - 0.42107F - 0.22565Cl.

Note 3. The higher-alumina end member of the brownmillerite solid solution series, and typical of the ferrite phase in lower alumina ratio cements

Note 4. The high-iron end member of the brownmillerite solid solution series.

Note 5. This mineral does not physically exist: it represents the imaginary n=0 end member of the bassanite (CaSO₄.nH₂O) series, but bassanite converts to β-anhydrite when n falls below 0.05.

Note 6. "C-S-H" - represents the hydration product of alite and belite.

Note 7. "monosulfate" phase

Note 8. "aft phase"

As a calculation example - arrange the composition (as ratio rather than percentage) of the "Bogue Compounds" in a table thus:

	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	CaO	SO₃
C3S	0.2631623	0	0	0.7368377	0
C2S	0.3488424	0	0	0.6511576	0
C3A	0	0.3773639	0	0.6226361	0
C4AF	0	0.2098145	0.3286042	0.4615813	0
CŜ	0	0	0	0.4119004	0.5880996

Now perform an inversion (=minverse in Excel®) on this 5×5 matrix. The result is:

	C3S	C2S	C3A	C4AF	CŜ
SiO₂	-7.59987	8.59987	0	0	0
Al₂O₃	-6.71774	5.06778	2.64996	0	0
Fe₂O₃	-1.42976	1.07860	-1.69201	3.04317	0
CaO	4.07145	-3.07145	0	0	0
SO₃	-2.85161	2.15122	0	0	1.70040

This gives the coefficients of the familiar "Bogue" equations - for instance, in the first column, C3S = (-7.600)SiO₂ + (-6.718) Al₂O₃ + (-1.430) Fe₂O₃ + 4.071 CaO + (-2.852) SO₃. By this means, it is possible to obtain equations for any desired combination of phases, of any complexity.